鉴于站内某些站友不知道如何偷我家萝卜，本人生性又是如此好"客"，遂决定推出这本偷萝卜秘籍.
首先：要偷我家萝卜肯定要进我家农场，那想要进我家农场，肯定是需要好友的身份才能进来的。所以说，偷萝卜的第一步要做的事情就是加我好友，当然你不能一开始就说我要偷你的家萝卜快加我好友，应该把内心阴暗的一面隐藏起来，虚情假意的让我上当，说你好可以交个朋友吗认识一下我仰慕你的英俊潇洒风流倜傥和你那神乎其神的种萝卜技术。
当你成功的诱骗我成为好友关系后，在农场游戏的右边有一个好友栏，点开后刷新一下，那我家农场的大门就看到了（如果暂时没有的就等，数据没及时过去，大概等7-8年再来刷新就可以了），就可以进入我的农场为所欲为了,你首先会看到崭新的春天背景，漂亮的农舍，雪白的围栏，这些都是我辛勤劳作后换来的。当然你也会看见地里面有时候会有些杂草，你就去除除草，有虫你就杀杀虫，干了你就浇.......对了是偷萝卜的攻略嘛，看到下面工具栏那只罪恶的手了吗？对，就是它，沾满了劳动人民的血与泪，文革下乡年代叫阶级敌人的爪子，现在叫撬干的第三只手，你就用它，点一下，看看四下无人，慢慢的移动到我那饱满的可爱的沾满露水的萝卜田里，一抓！我家的狗就过来咬你屁屁了......
关于如何养狗防盗，请期待下一篇攻略sonnyjou@qq.comKnowledgeorganization systems (KOS) is a general term referring to, among other things, the tools that present the organized interpretation of knowledge structures. This meaning of the term correspond to "semantic tools". In a broader way KOS may be understood also as, for example, libraries, encyclopedias, disciplines and the social division of labor in society.
Within research in digital libraries has the term KOS been used. Hodge (2000) writes: 揟he term knowledge organization systems as used in this report was coined by the Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Working Group at its initial meeting at the ACM Digital Libraries ?8 Conference in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.?
揟he term knowledge organization systems is intended to encompass all types of schemes for organizing information and promoting knowledge management. Knowledge organization systems include classification and categorization schemes that organize materials at a general level, subject headings that provide more detailed access, and authority files that control variant versions of key information such as geographic names and personal names. Knowledge organization systems also include highly structured vocabularies, such as thesauri, and less traditional schemes, such as semantic networks and ontologies. Because knowledge organization systems are mechanisms for organizing information, they are at the heart of every library, museum, and archive. ?(Hodge, 2000).
(Hodge, 2000) presents the following types of KOS recognizing that the list is not comprehensive: They are grouped into three general categories: term lists, which emphasize lists of terms often with definitions; classifications and categories, which emphasize the creation of subject sets; and relationship lists, which emphasize the connections between terms and concepts. What Hodge actually provides is a suggestion for a taxonomy of KOS:
Term Lists
Authority files
Glossaries
Dictionaries
Gazetteers [geographic dictionary indexes]
Classifications and Categories
Subject headings.
Classification Schemes,
Taxonomies, (According to Hodge are the last tree terms often used interchangeably)
Categorization Schemes.
Relationship Lists
Thesauri
Semantic networks
Ontologies
According to Hodge 揔OSs have the following common characteristics that are critical to their use in organizing digital libraries.
The KOS imposes a particular view of the world on a collection and the items in it.
The same entity can be characterized in different ways, depending on the KOS that is used.
There must be sufficient commonality between the concept expressed in a KOS and the real-world object to which that concept refers that a knowledgeable person could apply the system with reasonable reliability. Likewise, a person seeking relevant material by using a KOS must be able to connect his or her concept with its representation in the system. ?Hodge, 2000)
The above listed examples may be said to represent KOS in a narrow meaning of that word. There are other kinds of KOS which should also be considered. First of all should bibliometric maps be included in the taxonomy becausebibliometric knowledge organization has turned out to be an important research area that should be seen as one approach among others in KO. (See as example 舠tr鰉, 2002, LIS.PDF).
KOS as defined by Hodge (2000) is only a subcategory of what can reasonably be termed KOS. KOS in the broader sense include:
bibliographies & bibliographical guides
conceptual systems & theories
cultures & subcultures (with
disciplines, branches and the social division of labor in society
encyclopedias & handbooks
media, languages & symbolic systems
etc.
canons) models of actors, systems and processes in different domains (a la UNISIST)
KOS in the narrow sense defined by Hodge may also be termed semantic tools because they are essentially selections of concepts supplied with information about their semantic relations to other concepts and symbols.
One may discuss whether the kinds of KOS mentioned belong to the same field. Generally the list is not theoretically justified but just ad hoc. Encyclopedias are probably by many thought to belong to a different kind of tools governed by different principles compared to what has traditionally been studied in the field of KO. Eco (1984), however, argues that there is no well-defined border between dictionaries and encyclopedias. The meaning of words cannot be defined in isolation from knowledge about the status of the subject field, to which they belong. If Eco is right this has implications for the theory of KO. The definition and classification of KOS is therefore connected to a theoretical clarification of approaches to knowledge organization.
The importance of a generic concept like KOS is that it inspire to consider common principles as well as principal differences. By considering, for example a bibliometric map as a kind of KOS we may ask: In what ways is it related to other kinds of KOS? In what ways does it differ from other kinds of KOS? In what ways does it perform supplementary functions?
Some additional kinds of KOS:
Author co-citation maps (Bibliometric Knowledge Organization)
Concept Map
Hypertext
Typology
Topic Map
enumerative & facetted systems
Universal and specific systems
WebPACS
Why is it important to consider such a generic term as "Knowledge organization systems" (KOS)?
The idea is that it is important to learn what such systems have in common and in what ways the different KOS differs from each other (corresponding to definition by species and genus (these terms are not just used about biological categories), i.e., describing first by a broader category, the genus, then distinguished from other items in that category by differentia. The differentiae of a species are the species′ properties that other members of the genus do not have. In short, the genus is the broad category, the species is a type within that category, and the differentiae are the distinguishing characteristics of the species. (Even though this classic view of definition is being challenged by, for example, the so-called prototype theory, it still has important merits).
Such generic terms are about the expertise that you are supposed to acquire during your education within LIS. A person told me that she considered herself an expert on such KOS as, for example, thesauri, but not on, for example, encyclopedias. Such a statement expresses a view about the relation of different kinds of KOS and might imply that this generic concept is a bad one or too broadly defined here (or as now done, consider semantic tools a sub-category of KOS).
So, a question is, are the methods, that are useful for constructing thesauri also useful for constructing encyclopedias? A different theories and methodologies at play? Generic concepts such as KOS is supposed to provide a general theory and general methodological principles. This is why generic concepts are important. Of course we should always keep our concepts open to revision and of course we should not just regard the similarities but also the differences. An academic course in Knowledge Organization should not, however, only teach some special kinds of KOS but should consider the general principles as far as possible. This is especially important in the digital environment where most knowledge organizing systems and processes have to be reconsidered.
References:
Eco, U. (1984). Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hodge, G. (2000). Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital libraries. Beyond traditional authority files. Washington, DC: the Council on Library and Information Resources.http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub91/contents.html
Garshol, L M (2004) Metadata? Thesauri? Taxonomies? Topic maps! Making sense of it all. Journal of Information Science, 30 (4). 378-391. Available online at:http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html
Gilchrist, A (2003). Thesauri, taxonomies and ontologies - an etymological note. Journal of Documentation 59(1), 7-18.
Gorman, M, (2000). From Card Catalogues to WebPACS: Celebrating Cataloguing in the 20th Century. A talk given at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium Washington, D.C., November 15th 2000.http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/gorman_paper.html
舠tr鰉, F (2002) Visualizing Library and Information Science concept spaces through keyword and citation based maps and clusters. In: Bruce, Fidel, Ingwersen & Vakkari (Eds). Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of Library and Information Science (CoLIS4), pp 185-197. Greenwood Village: Libraries unlimited. Two figures: Bibliometric_MAP_LIS.PDF; Bibliometric_LIS_2.PDF
首先：要偷我家萝卜肯定要进我家农场，那想要进我家农场，肯定是需要好友的身份才能进来的。所以说，偷萝卜的第一步要做的事情就是加我好友，当然你不能一开始就说我要偷你的家萝卜快加我好友，应该把内心阴暗的一面隐藏起来，虚情假意的让我上当，说你好可以交个朋友吗认识一下我仰慕你的英俊潇洒风流倜傥和你那神乎其神的种萝卜技术。
当你成功的诱骗我成为好友关系后，在农场游戏的右边有一个好友栏，点开后刷新一下，那我家农场的大门就看到了（如果暂时没有的就等，数据没及时过去，大概等7-8年再来刷新就可以了），就可以进入我的农场为所欲为了,你首先会看到崭新的春天背景，漂亮的农舍，雪白的围栏，这些都是我辛勤劳作后换来的。当然你也会看见地里面有时候会有些杂草，你就去除除草，有虫你就杀杀虫，干了你就浇.......对了是偷萝卜的攻略嘛，看到下面工具栏那只罪恶的手了吗？对，就是它，沾满了劳动人民的血与泪，文革下乡年代叫阶级敌人的爪子，现在叫撬干的第三只手，你就用它，点一下，看看四下无人，慢慢的移动到我那饱满的可爱的沾满露水的萝卜田里，一抓！我家的狗就过来咬你屁屁了......
关于如何养狗防盗，请期待下一篇攻略sonnyjou@qq.comKnowledgeorganization systems (KOS) is a general term referring to, among other things, the tools that present the organized interpretation of knowledge structures. This meaning of the term correspond to "semantic tools". In a broader way KOS may be understood also as, for example, libraries, encyclopedias, disciplines and the social division of labor in society.
Within research in digital libraries has the term KOS been used. Hodge (2000) writes: 揟he term knowledge organization systems as used in this report was coined by the Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Working Group at its initial meeting at the ACM Digital Libraries ?8 Conference in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.?
揟he term knowledge organization systems is intended to encompass all types of schemes for organizing information and promoting knowledge management. Knowledge organization systems include classification and categorization schemes that organize materials at a general level, subject headings that provide more detailed access, and authority files that control variant versions of key information such as geographic names and personal names. Knowledge organization systems also include highly structured vocabularies, such as thesauri, and less traditional schemes, such as semantic networks and ontologies. Because knowledge organization systems are mechanisms for organizing information, they are at the heart of every library, museum, and archive. ?(Hodge, 2000).
(Hodge, 2000) presents the following types of KOS recognizing that the list is not comprehensive: They are grouped into three general categories: term lists, which emphasize lists of terms often with definitions; classifications and categories, which emphasize the creation of subject sets; and relationship lists, which emphasize the connections between terms and concepts. What Hodge actually provides is a suggestion for a taxonomy of KOS:
Term Lists
Authority files
Glossaries
Dictionaries
Gazetteers [geographic dictionary indexes]
Classifications and Categories
Subject headings.
Classification Schemes,
Taxonomies, (According to Hodge are the last tree terms often used interchangeably)
Categorization Schemes.
Relationship Lists
Thesauri
Semantic networks
Ontologies
According to Hodge 揔OSs have the following common characteristics that are critical to their use in organizing digital libraries.
The KOS imposes a particular view of the world on a collection and the items in it.
The same entity can be characterized in different ways, depending on the KOS that is used.
There must be sufficient commonality between the concept expressed in a KOS and the real-world object to which that concept refers that a knowledgeable person could apply the system with reasonable reliability. Likewise, a person seeking relevant material by using a KOS must be able to connect his or her concept with its representation in the system. ?Hodge, 2000)
The above listed examples may be said to represent KOS in a narrow meaning of that word. There are other kinds of KOS which should also be considered. First of all should bibliometric maps be included in the taxonomy becausebibliometric knowledge organization has turned out to be an important research area that should be seen as one approach among others in KO. (See as example 舠tr鰉, 2002, LIS.PDF).
KOS as defined by Hodge (2000) is only a subcategory of what can reasonably be termed KOS. KOS in the broader sense include:
bibliographies & bibliographical guides
conceptual systems & theories
cultures & subcultures (with
disciplines, branches and the social division of labor in society
encyclopedias & handbooks
media, languages & symbolic systems
etc.
canons) models of actors, systems and processes in different domains (a la UNISIST)
KOS in the narrow sense defined by Hodge may also be termed semantic tools because they are essentially selections of concepts supplied with information about their semantic relations to other concepts and symbols.
One may discuss whether the kinds of KOS mentioned belong to the same field. Generally the list is not theoretically justified but just ad hoc. Encyclopedias are probably by many thought to belong to a different kind of tools governed by different principles compared to what has traditionally been studied in the field of KO. Eco (1984), however, argues that there is no well-defined border between dictionaries and encyclopedias. The meaning of words cannot be defined in isolation from knowledge about the status of the subject field, to which they belong. If Eco is right this has implications for the theory of KO. The definition and classification of KOS is therefore connected to a theoretical clarification of approaches to knowledge organization.
The importance of a generic concept like KOS is that it inspire to consider common principles as well as principal differences. By considering, for example a bibliometric map as a kind of KOS we may ask: In what ways is it related to other kinds of KOS? In what ways does it differ from other kinds of KOS? In what ways does it perform supplementary functions?
Some additional kinds of KOS:
Author co-citation maps (Bibliometric Knowledge Organization)
Concept Map
Hypertext
Typology
Topic Map
enumerative & facetted systems
Universal and specific systems
WebPACS
Why is it important to consider such a generic term as "Knowledge organization systems" (KOS)?
The idea is that it is important to learn what such systems have in common and in what ways the different KOS differs from each other (corresponding to definition by species and genus (these terms are not just used about biological categories), i.e., describing first by a broader category, the genus, then distinguished from other items in that category by differentia. The differentiae of a species are the species′ properties that other members of the genus do not have. In short, the genus is the broad category, the species is a type within that category, and the differentiae are the distinguishing characteristics of the species. (Even though this classic view of definition is being challenged by, for example, the so-called prototype theory, it still has important merits).
Such generic terms are about the expertise that you are supposed to acquire during your education within LIS. A person told me that she considered herself an expert on such KOS as, for example, thesauri, but not on, for example, encyclopedias. Such a statement expresses a view about the relation of different kinds of KOS and might imply that this generic concept is a bad one or too broadly defined here (or as now done, consider semantic tools a sub-category of KOS).
So, a question is, are the methods, that are useful for constructing thesauri also useful for constructing encyclopedias? A different theories and methodologies at play? Generic concepts such as KOS is supposed to provide a general theory and general methodological principles. This is why generic concepts are important. Of course we should always keep our concepts open to revision and of course we should not just regard the similarities but also the differences. An academic course in Knowledge Organization should not, however, only teach some special kinds of KOS but should consider the general principles as far as possible. This is especially important in the digital environment where most knowledge organizing systems and processes have to be reconsidered.
References:
Eco, U. (1984). Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hodge, G. (2000). Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital libraries. Beyond traditional authority files. Washington, DC: the Council on Library and Information Resources.http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub91/contents.html
Garshol, L M (2004) Metadata? Thesauri? Taxonomies? Topic maps! Making sense of it all. Journal of Information Science, 30 (4). 378-391. Available online at:http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html
Gilchrist, A (2003). Thesauri, taxonomies and ontologies - an etymological note. Journal of Documentation 59(1), 7-18.
Gorman, M, (2000). From Card Catalogues to WebPACS: Celebrating Cataloguing in the 20th Century. A talk given at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium Washington, D.C., November 15th 2000.http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/gorman_paper.html
舠tr鰉, F (2002) Visualizing Library and Information Science concept spaces through keyword and citation based maps and clusters. In: Bruce, Fidel, Ingwersen & Vakkari (Eds). Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of Library and Information Science (CoLIS4), pp 185-197. Greenwood Village: Libraries unlimited. Two figures: Bibliometric_MAP_LIS.PDF; Bibliometric_LIS_2.PDF
TAG: systems KOS organization Knowledge
